To encourage original doctrinal, inter-disciplinary, or empirical research, second and third year students may gain credits by participating in the Directed Research Program. Second year students will normally receive either three or four credits; third year students may receive between three and eight credits. The guideline for 4 credits, is a paper of 12,500 - 15,000 words (50-60 pages), at least 4 meetings per term, and a penultimate draft. No student may receive more than eight credits over two years. Proposals must include a detailed statement of the project, and an explanation of the amount of credit requested.
The selected topic must make conceptual sense, have sufficient academic content and be pursued by feasible research methods. The project should preferably aim at publishable conclusions, in whole or part by adaptation, for instance in a journal article, in submissions to a ministry, law reform agency or other governmental or professional committee, or for presentation by special interest groups, such as consumer's groups.
Types of Directed Research
Team projects and interdisciplinary research are permitted and encouraged.
Empirically-oriented research projects are also encouraged. The final paper should reflect not merely the results of data gathering, but an analysis of the data and, where appropriate, of the methods used. Students are welcome to build upon data gathering undertaken in other contexts, such as summer jobs.
Students with experience in a clinical setting may prepare a research paper relevant to their work or experiences. Students may develop themes relevant, for instance, to welfare law, immigration law, workers' compensation, landlord/tenant and rent review, family and child law, and minor criminal and delinquency matters, addressing substantive, procedural or administrative aspects. Papers may take the form of a traditional academic paper, memoranda on cases handled by students, briefs for presentation to private or governmental agencies, or other forms acceptable to faculty supervisors and the Directed Research Committee.
Research with Human Subjects
The University of Toronto requires that all graduate student and faculty research involving human subjects be reviewed and approved by a Research Ethics Board (REB) before work can begin. Although research methodologies differ, the fundamental ethical issues and principles in research involving human subjects are common across all disciplines. The standards that must be met are set out in the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS), which can be reviewed at http://pre.ethics.gc.ca/eng/policy-politique/tcps-eptc/readtcps-lireeptc/
This "living" document outlines the guidelines for research involving human subjects in Canada and is the creation of the three major Canada research councils (CIHR, NSERC and SSHRC).
Proposal Requirements
Interested students are encouraged to approach members of the teaching faculty with a coincidental interest to discuss their project, to seek supervision, and to seek advice in drafting their proposal.
Students should produce, for their proposed supervisors and the Directed Research Committee, a reasonably detailed outline of their proposed research project including:
• an outline of the idea to be pursued,
• the research methods to be employed,
• the research sources to be tapped,
• any expected problems, and
• a preliminary bibliography.
This information is considered in determining credit allocation for the project and should be presented so as to justify the credit proposed. Students should make whatever preliminary arrangements are needed to secure relevant data far enough in advance that they can start work on the project early in the term. For example, if the research requires the co-operation of an outside party to gain access to files for an empirical study, this co-operation should be secured well in advance of the deadline for submission of proposals.
Submission Process
• Proposals must be approved by supervisors before being submitted to the Committee though the Records Office. It is the responsibility of the student to ensure adequate time to discuss a proposal with their supervisor and obtain approval before the deadline for submission of the proposal to the Committee. Students planning to start their project in September should submit a proposal to their intended supervisor one week before the first day of term. Students planning to start in January should approach their intended supervisor before the end of the first term and agree on a date for submission of a proposal so as to ensure supervision approval before the second term deadline for submission to the Committee.
• The proposal, together with the Directed Research Form available on the web under the Academic Handbook, must be submitted to the Administrator of the Directed Research Committee by the deadlines shown on the Sessional Dates. The student must submit four copies of the form and proposal. The Committee may suggest that the student amplify or amend the proposal prior to making a final decision.
• The submission deadlines are shown on the Sessional Dates found on the web at www.law.utoronto.ca. These dates are designed to ensure that Directed Research approval can be determined before the deadline for adding and dropping courses so that students' programs can be finalized in a timely fashion. Therefore, extensions will be granted only in exceptional circumstances. The Committee will undertake to have read and approved (or raised questions about) the proposals by the add/drop date in each term.
• Students who wish to keep open the option of dropping Directed Research in favour of taking another course should submit their proposal well before the deadline date for submitting Directed Research proposals.
• Students who wish to convert a first term Directed Research Project into a Directed Research Project for the full year, must apply to the Directed Research Committee for permission to do so prior to submitting a first draft of their work to the supervisor of the project.
Both the supervisor and Committee will ensure that the proposed topic has sufficient academic content, and that the research methods are feasible. In particular they will satisfy themselves that the project makes conceptual sense, that it can be done in the time allotted, and that the research material is available without any obstacles to its use, such as confidentiality. The general test to be used in accepting or rejecting a project is whether the topic is capable of supporting a paper suitable for publication (either in whole or part or in adapted form) and whether it will make a new contribution to an area. The test of potential publication is not to be a standard for marking. "Publication" will not be interpreted narrowly. For example, the production of several consumer protection pamphlets suitable to be issued to members of the public, or the submission of a written brief to a governmental or law reform agency might be eminently suitable. The committee will take account of the student's non-academic and non-legal academic background such as summer jobs or previous university programs which give special expertise.
The principles which will guide the Committee in making the credit allocation are these:
• Three credits is the basic allocation. However, where a third year student can demonstrate that the magnitude or complexity of the project and the demand on time, by contrast with other courses, require additional credit, the Committee may allot additional credit up to a maximum of eight. Where the student is expanding on previous work, it may be appropriate to assign as few as two credits.
• If the research involves use of human subjects, ethics review may be required. Please review the information included under Research with Human Subjects shown above.
• In particular circumstances where the research work would more sensibly be spread over two terms, the Committee may allow credit to be allocated over two terms.
• Students may take the program in either the fall or spring term of their second and third years depending on the availability of the supervisor. Except with the permission of the Assistant Dean, Students, a student may enrol in only a single Directed Research Program in an academic year.
Supervision
• Students will meet with their supervisors regularly and on average at least once every two weeks, to discuss the progress of the research.
• Faculty from other departments in the University will be encouraged to undertake joint supervision of law students in the Program. A teaching member of this faculty would serve as a joint supervisor and evaluator both to maintain a focus for the research within the law faculty and to ensure a direct link with the Committee.
• The work is expected to be of high quality and will be judged by the supervisors according to the thoroughness of the research displayed, the difficulty of the problems treated, the degree of originality, the coherence of structure and argument and the suitability of papers to the goals they set.
Deadline for Submission of Completed Research
Students are required to submit their completed work by the date determined by their faculty supervisors, but by no later than the final deadline for submitting papers as determined by the administration. When all credits are allocated to one term, the work must be completed by the deadline date for written work for that term.
Change of Credit
Students wishing to change the number of credits for their project or the allocation as between terms must submit a revised proposal justifying the change along with a Change of Credit form, available in the Records Office. Applications for change of credit must be made before the date on which a first draft is due to be submitted to the supervisor as indicated on the original proposal.
